UNFCCC COP28: Every Man for Himself and Climate Against All?

This paper delves deep into the heart of UNFCCC COP28, shedding light on the diverse and often contrasting goals of the participating blocs. From economic giants like the USA, China, and the EU to the vulnerable Small Island Developing States (SIDS), each bloc brings its unique perspective and objectives to the table. As we navigate through the intricate web of climate politics and policy, this paper offers an insightful exploration of the key players and their aspirations at UNFCCC COP28 and beyond.

1. Participating Blocs at UNFCCC COP28 and Their Varied Interests

UNFCCC COP28, a pivotal conference in the series of UN climate summits, was distinguished by its role in concluding the first-ever “Global Stocktake,” a comprehensive assessment of the progress made by countries since the Paris Agreement. This stocktake was crucial for understanding where the world stands in terms of its climate commitments and what more needs to be done to avert the worst impacts of climate change.

A diverse array of blocs participated in COP28, each with distinct objectives and concerns. These include major economic powers like the USA, China, and the EU, each bringing their perspectives on climate action and policy. Developing countries and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) focus on adaptation, finance, and technology transfer. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) advocate for urgent action due to their vulnerability to climate impacts. Additionally, corporate entities and non-governmental organizations play significant roles, contributing to the dialogue and advocating for various climate solutions.

The summit aimed to mobilize countries towards more ambitious climate action, with a focus on phasing out fossil fuels, increasing renewable energy capacity, reducing emissions, and enhancing sustainability measures. The challenges included aligning the diverse interests of participating blocs, securing commitments for climate finance, and ensuring equitable and effective climate policies.

By understanding what drives each bloc, we aim to contribute to the broader conversation on global climate action and inspire collaborative solutions that can lead us toward a more sustainable and resilient future

2. United States

Emission Reductions at UNFCCC COP28

The United States, as a leading contributor to global emissions, is making significant strides in reducing emissions, with measures like the Inflation Reduction Act and the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law putting the country on track to achieve its emissions reduction target aligned with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C goal. Since day one of his first term, President Biden took a significant step in addressing climate change by establishing the National Climate Task Force. This task force comprises more than 25 leaders from various government agencies who work collaboratively towards groundbreaking goals, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 50-52% below 2005 levels by 2030, achieving 100% carbon pollution-free electricity by 2035, and transitioning to a net-zero emissions economy by 2050. Furthermore, the task force aims to ensure that 40% of the benefits from federal investments in climate and clean energy reach disadvantaged communities [1]. The Biden-Harris Administration is demonstrating a strong commitment to addressing climate change both domestically and on the global stage. They are taking various actions to combat this existential threat and mobilize finance for climate initiatives.

These efforts have not only stimulated over $350 billion in clean energy investments but have also created more than 210,000 clean energy jobs in the past 15 months. The nation is poised to witness a substantial increase in wind, solar, and battery deployment over the next seven years, thanks to these initiatives.

On the environmental front, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is implementing stringent standards to reduce methane emissions, which is expected to have a significant impact in curbing carbon dioxide equivalent emissions.

At UNFCCC COP28, the Biden-Harris Administration announced various initiatives aimed at advancing climate action, enhancing global climate resilience, responding to climate impacts, and accelerating efforts to achieve the 1.5°C target [2].

The administration is also leading efforts to combat deforestation, co-chairing the Forest and Climate Leaders Partnership, and securing commitments from companies to halt deforestation. Moreover, they are working closely with international partners to scale up clean energy supply chains, reduce methane emissions, and promote nuclear energy and hydrogen technologies to combat climate change.

Additionally, the Biden-Harris Administration is championing women’s and girls’ leadership in addressing the climate crisis through initiatives like the Women in the Sustainable Economy (WISE) Initiative.

UNFCCC COP28 and Climate Finance

A critical element of the U.S. strategy involves mobilizing finance for climate action. This includes fulfilling and potentially increasing its financial commitments to international climate funds. They are actively mobilizing finance from various sources, with a commitment to exceed $9.5 billion in international climate finance in FY 2023 and a pledge of $3 billion to the Green Climate Fund. The U.S. is also expected to play a key role in discussions around innovative financing mechanisms to support both mitigation and adaptation efforts in developing countries.

In parallel, the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) is actively engaged in innovative debt-for-nature swaps, generating funding for conservation and climate resilience in countries like Belize, Ecuador, and Gabon. DFC, in partnership with the Government of India, is planning to invest up to $1 billion in the India Green Transition Fund to support clean energy projects. Furthermore, they are introducing the Energy Transition Accelerator (ETA), a carbon finance platform that will expedite the transition from fossil-based to clean power in developing economies [2].

USAID is playing a crucial role by aiming to leverage up to $20 billion in private investment through the Comprehensive Action for Climate Change Initiative (CACCI) Partnership for Climate Action (PCA). The Blended Finance for the Energy Transition (BFET) program, in collaboration with the U.S. State Department and USAID, is set to mobilize over $1.4 billion for the energy transition in emerging markets [2].

The U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) is partnering with the Investor Leadership Network (ILN) to mobilize climate finance from institutional investors, while the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) and USAID’s Climate Finance + program are catalyzing private investments in climate-friendly infrastructure in Morocco and Indonesia.

Finally, the Green Guarantee Company (GGC) is making significant strides as the first privately run guarantee company focused on green bonds and loans in developing countries, with plans to mobilize $1 billion in private capital for climate change adaptation and mitigation projects.

Technological Innovation

The U.S. aims to lead in the development and deployment of climate technologies. This includes advancing renewable energy technologies, carbon capture and storage, and other innovations to facilitate a low-carbon transition. The focus is on both reducing the cost of existing technologies and investing in new, breakthrough technologies.

3. China

UNFCCC COP28 China’s Balancing Act: Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability

China, the world’s fastest-growing major economy, faces the complex challenge of balancing rapid economic growth with environmental sustainability. The country’s economic expansion has historically been accompanied by significant environmental degradation, raising concerns about the long-term viability of its growth model [3].

China aimed for UNFCCC COP28 conference to deliver substantial decisions on global adaptation goals, the establishment of a loss and damage financial mechanism, and robust support for the long-term aspirations of developing countries in terms of funding, technology, and capacity-building.

4. Russia in UNFCCC COP28 : Energy Security and Climate Policies

Russia’s participation in COP28, held in Dubai, reflects its efforts to assert its role in the global climate dialogue amidst challenging geopolitical situations, such as the ongoing war in Ukraine and Western sanctions. The Russian delegation included several high-level government officials, indicating the importance Russia placed on this event. Russia spoke out against the politicization of climate efforts, focusing on climate issues rather than geopolitical tensions.

Notably, Russia opposes any actions that would discriminate against specific energy sources or call for a phase-out of fossil fuels, contrary to the EU’s push for phasing out coal, oil, and gas. Despite its commitment to reach carbon neutrality by 2060 and claims of significant emission reductions, independent analyses describe Russia’s climate action as “critically insufficient.” Russia’s approach at UNFCCC COP28 was to focus on promoting nuclear energy, showcasing its vast forest area as a climate asset, and potentially using the platform to seek sanctions relief. Other unique solutions Russia advocates include experiments like the Pleistocene Park, aimed at restoring Arctic ecosystems.

5. India in UNFCCC COP28 : Sustainable Development and Equitable Transitions

In the context of COP28, India’s approach reflects a multifaceted strategy, prioritizing sustainable development, equitable transitions, and a balance between environmental sustainability and economic growth. As a developing economy, India aims for a just and sustainable low carbon energy transition, integral to its policy decision-making. This involves a commitment to reducing baseline emissions significantly by 2030, aiming for an annual reduction that aligns with its climate goals [8].

Energy security and economic growth are at the forefront of India’s climate policies. The country’s massive energy demands necessitate a careful balance between development and environmental sustainability. In this regard, India continues to strive for a pragmatic approach to the dual challenges of rapid economic growth and environmental stewardship.

At the same time, India emphasized the need for the Loss and Damage Fund at UNFCCC COP28, aiming to assist developing countries in coping with the detrimental effects of climate change. This initiative is critical for India, given its vast and diverse population [9].

Moreover, India has been assertive in advocating for its right to increase emissions in the short term to meet its development goals. Concurrently, it is pushing developed nations towards more ambitious targets, such as becoming “carbon negative” by 2050 [10]. This stance is indicative of India’s rising influence in international economic and geopolitical affairs, as it seeks to balance its developmental aspirations with global climate responsibilities [11].

Furthermore, emphasis on equitable transition frameworks is key for India, ensuring that climate actions do not disproportionately impact vulnerable communities. This approach underscores India’s commitment to a sustainable and inclusive path towards combating climate change, in line with its global leadership role in the climate agenda.

6. The European Union at the UNFCCC COP28

COP28 Ambitious Climate Commitments

The European Union (EU) at UNFCCC COP28 was steadfast in its pursuit of ambitious climate targets [12]. It is dedicated to tripling global renewable capacity by 2030, which is a significant step towards a sustainable energy future. This effort is complemented by an emphasis on enhancing energy efficiency, aiming to double the rate of improvement by 2030. These initiatives are in alignment with the EU’s broader commitment to keeping the global temperature rise within the 1.5ºC limit, in accordance with the Paris Agreement goals [13], [14].

Advancing the Green Energy Transition at UNFCCC COP28

The EU’s COP28 agenda focused heavily on advancing the green energy transition. Key to this is the launch of global targets on renewables and energy efficiency. Additionally, the EU is advocating for the provision of adequate funding to support an equitable energy transition, particularly in developing countries. This reflects the EU’s recognition of the need for global cooperation in achieving these ambitious goals [15], [13].

Strategic Diplomatic Approaches

The EU’s diplomatic strategies at UNFCCC COP28 were critical in shaping the global response to climate change. The Union pushed for the world-first deal to phase out CO2-emitting fossil fuels, underlining its commitment to a more sustainable energy future. Moreover, the EU is leveraging its role as a global regulator in climate diplomacy, using its influence to facilitate the transition to clean energy systems globally [14], [16].

Addressing Internal and External Challenges

The EU’s path to achieving these goals at COP28 was not without challenges. Internal divisions within the EU have surfaced, revealing differing regional perspectives on climate action. However, these challenges also offer an opportunity for the EU to demonstrate its resolve and ability to find common ground among its member states, ultimately strengthening its position in international climate negotiations [17].

This comprehensive approach by the EU at UNFCCC COP28 showcaseed its commitment to leading the global fight against climate change, promoting sustainability, and fostering a cooperative and equitable path towards a green future.

7. Developing Countries and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) at UNFCCC COP28

Enhanced Climate Finance and Support

Developing Countries and LDCs at UNFCCC COP28 were primarily focused on closing the adaptation finance gaps. They sought improved financial support to effectively address climate challenges, emphasizing the urgency of enhanced adaptation finance for vulnerable nations [18], [20]. The implementation of National Adaptation Plans remains a critical issue, hindered by inadequate funding and resources [19].

Facilitating Technology Transfer

Access to climate-resilient technologies is a key demand of these countries. They are advocating for a more robust technology transfer mechanism that aids in both mitigation and adaptation efforts. This technology transfer is seen as vital for enabling them to effectively respond to climate change challenges.

Prioritizing Adaptation Strategies at UNFCCC COP28

There is a growing emphasis on addressing the adaptation deficit – the significant gap between the required adaptation measures and those that are actually implemented. These countries are focusing on building resilience against climate impacts, recognizing the urgent need for strengthened adaptation action at scale [23], [20]. This includes efforts to reduce vulnerabilities and enhance resilience, especially in regions that are most susceptible to the adverse effects of climate change.

These goals highlight the pressing needs and challenges faced by Developing Countries and LDCs in the context of climate change [21], [22]. Their focus at COP28 was on securing the necessary support, both financial and technological, to foster a resilient and adaptive response to the growing climate crisis.

8. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) at COP 28

Enhanced Understanding of Vulnerability

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) face high vulnerability to climate change. They experience significant impacts including biodiversity loss, extreme weather events, and environmental challenges that drastically affect their adaptive capacity. This vulnerability is not just environmental but also economic, as climate change compounds their economic challenges, making adaptation and resilience-building crucial for these states [24], [25].

Strengthened Advocacy and Support

SIDS have been proactive in global forums such as UNFCCC COP28, advocating for more robust climate action. Their advocacy emphasizes their unique vulnerability and the need for global cooperation in addressing these challenges. They seek more substantial support, both technical and financial, to better understand and effectively tackle the health and environmental impacts of climate change [26], [27].

Urgent Need for Climate Finance

The climate finance available to SIDS is critically low and inadequate. Despite their urgent and unique needs, the support they receive is insufficient, necessitating an urgent change in this area to support their climate initiatives [28]. This financial support is vital for their capacity development in effectively adapting to and mitigating the effects of climate change. The emphasis is on building their internal capacities to better manage and respond to the challenges posed by climate change [25], [29].

These aspects highlight the specific challenges and needs of SIDS in the face of climate change, underscoring the need for targeted support and action to address their unique vulnerabilities.

9. Corporate Sector and the UNFCCC COP28

The corporate sector’s expectations from COP28 focusED on a few key areas:

1. Investment in Low-Carbon Technologies: Policymakers, corporate leaders, and investors at UNFCCC COP28 concentrated on increasing investment in low-carbon technologies. This aligns with the corporate sector’s growing commitment to sustainability and the transition to a low-carbon economy [30].
2. Ambitious Commitments and Actionable Plans: Specifically, African investors in the corporate sector looked for ambitious commitments and actionable plans from global leaders. This expectation reflects a desire for concrete steps and strategies, rather than just discussions, to address climate change challenges [31].
3. Focus on the Energy Sector: With a significant portion of global carbon dioxide emissions originating from fossil fuels, the corporate sector, particularly in energy, anticipated COP28 to address the energy transition. This includes strategies and policies to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and increase renewable energy usage [32]. They opposed, after intense lobbying, a call for a complete “phase-out” of fossil fuels for a final agreement on a “just, orderly, and equitable” transition away from fossil fuels in energy systems to achieve “net zero by 2050 in keeping with the science”.

10. The United Nations and Inter-Governmental Organizations

Mediating Climate Discussions

The United Nations (UN) Organization pursued its crucial role as a mediator in UNFCCC COP28, facilitating diplomatic negotiations among countries with diverse interests and priorities. These discussions often require delicate balancing, with the UN striving to find common ground that respects the differing national contexts and goals, particularly in the face of heightened geopolitical tensions and global conflicts [38], [39].

Setting the Climate Agenda

At COP28, the UN’s agenda-setting role involved prioritizing critical issues such as emission reduction, climate adaptation, and finance. These priorities reflect the urgent need for climate action and accommodate the needs of all nations, emphasizing inclusivity and equity. This included advancing discussions on loss and damage finance and the Article 6 rulebook of the UNFCCC, which are vital for many countries [40], [41].

Fostering Global Cooperation

The UN’s role in fostering cooperation is essential in achieving UNFCCC COP28’s goals. This involves bridging gaps between civil society, governments, industries, and various economic sectors, ensuring coordinated and effective action. The UN encourages collaboration across these groups, aiming to build a cohesive approach to climate challenges [42], [43].

Enhancing Policy Coherence and Engagement

Agencies like the International Labour Organization (ILO) participated as UN observers in UNFCCC COP28, contributing to policy coherence. They focus on aligning ambitious climate action with social and economic objectives, ensuring that climate policies are comprehensive and consider the broader implications on society and economies [39], [44].

These expectations highlight the UN and Inter-Governmental Organizations’ commitment to leading global climate action, emphasizing mediation, inclusivity, collaboration, and policy alignment at UNFCCC COP28.

11. Conclusion

Diverse Aspirations

As expected, UNFCCC COP28 was a melting pot of global ambitions and challenges, bringing together various blocs with distinct priorities. Major economic powers are focusing on emissions reduction and green technology, while developing nations and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are more concerned with securing climate finance and implementing adaptation strategies. This diversity highlights the broad spectrum of global climate action and the need to address these varying concerns in a balanced manner [44].

COP28 underscores the imperative of global collaboration. It highlights the necessity of cohesive action across various sectors, including civil society, governments, and industries, to achieve the ambitious goals set forth. This collective approach is essential not only for meeting UNFCCC COP28’s objectives but also for ensuring a sustainable and resilient future for all [47].

In summary, COP28 represented a critical juncture in global climate efforts, reflecting the varied aspirations of the international community, assessing progress towards climate goals, shaping future policies, and reinforcing the need for global cooperation.

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